SubscribeMichael Mateas
Computer Science Department
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
michaelm (AT) cs (DOT) cmu (DOT) edu
Phoebe Sengers
Media Arts Research Studies
Institut fuer Medienkommunikation
GMD
Schloss Birlinghoven
D-53754 Sankt Augustin Germany
phoebe (AT) viswiz (DOT) gmd (DOT) de
The paper sketches out work done in Narrative Intelligence and Automatic Story generation in the AI community since the time when Roger Schank’s group started working on natural language.
Roger Schank’s group at Yale – started off in trying to understand the processes that human should have to understand natural language. Since a sentence makes sense only in a particular context (past and future sentences) and experience, the group refocused on studying narratives. The work that came out of the group include:
a. SAM (story understanding system) – Cullingford 1981
b. PAM (story understanding system) – Wilensky 1981
c. TAIL-SPIN (story generation system) – Meehan 1977
d. Ideologically based understanding – Carbonell 1979
e. Use of themes to capture aspects of stories – Dyer 1983
f. Model of Narrative memory and reminding – Kolodner, 1984
g. Model of daydreaming – Mueller, 1990
h. Model of storytelling – Turner, 1992
Problems with the group: Intensely knowledge based, hence to make the system more general, one has to go through an infeasible knowledge engineering process.
Chronologically, further happenings….
2. AI died – Expert Systems – engineering model
3. Use of narratives in GUI design
4. Rebirth of NI – MIT Media Lab – Michael Travers and Marc Davis
5. Important reads: (Bolter and Joyce 1987), (Bates 1992, Murray 1998).
6. Use of NI in
a. Art: Domike 1999, Mateas 1999.
b. Psychology: (Bruner 1990, Bruner 1991).
c. Cultural Studies: Using narratives to understand the world and hence remodel AI practices (by studying story of AI progress): (Agre 1997, Sack 1992, Sengers 1998).
d. Literary Studies: Story generation and Story understanding: (Propp 1969), (Meehan 1977, Turner 1992, Weyhrauch 1997).
e. Drama: (Laurel 1991, Bates 1992, Hayes-Roth, van Gent, and Huber, 1997).
f. Humanistic AI
Research Summary
1. Narrative Interfaces – Don 1990, Laurel 1991
2. Narrative Agent Design – Sengers 1999, Lester and Stone 1997
3. Agents that use Narrative Structure – Schank 1990, Dautenhahn and Nehaniv, 1998
4. Support for Human Storytelling – Storymat (Ryokai and Cassell 1999), SAGE (Marina Umaschi Bers)
5. Story Database System – Schank 1997
6. Story-Understanding Systems – Cox 1996
7. Storytelling Systems – Tail-Spin (Meehan, 1977), Ani (Kahn, 1979), Rumelhart 1978, Bailey, Lang, Elliot 1998
8. Interactive Fiction and Drama – Oz Project, Façade
9. Narrative for Meta-analysis
This survey paper is of utmost importance for anyone trying to get an overall idea of the ongoing research going on in AI.
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